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Symbol Standart P&ID

    Symbol Standarisation P&ID For Industri Standard piping and instrument symbols are detailed diagrammatic documentation that provides a set of forms & standards for documenting P&IDs and PFDs, including standard shapes for instruments, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, mixers, crushers, vessels, compressors, filters, motors and other connection forms. Here are some symbols on P&ID : So, those are some of the symbols that we will often see when reading piping & instrument diagrams. May be useful.
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Building Air Conditioning For High Rise Building

Building Air Conditioning System

Function

Maintain indoor temperature and humidity by absorbing heat in the room and blowing cold air.

Various Types of Building Air Conditioning Systems

The determination of the building's air conditioning system is determined by several factors, including the function of the building, the scale of the building (large/small), power usage, maintenance etc.

1. Chiller

1.1 Water Cooled Chiller

Water cooled water chiller is a cooling system that uses water as a cold conducting medium and heat release medium.

The water used is water with a normal temperature into the refrigerant where the temperature will be lowered to 8-12 degrees Celsius, then the water that has been lowered in temperature will be distributed by the pump to the AHU where in the AHU the cold water will cool the coil which will be passed by the air so that the air temperature when it enters the normal temperature will become cold air. The cold air will flow through the ducting or supply pipe, from the ducting it will flow through the diffuser water supply and will enter the room.

After the room air cools down, the air that has normal temperature will be pulled back by the fan through the return air grill which will be returned to the AHU.

Back again to the water earlier, the water that has entered the AHU will come out with a higher temperature of about 15 degrees Celsius, the water that has increased its temperature will be pulled back to the chiller to be cooled again and a process called condensation or heat transfer occurs and this cycle happens continuously.

Before being cooled, the high-temperature water will be released from the heat first and the heat will be released to 35-38 degrees Celsius.

So here there are 2 piping systems, 1 system to deliver cold water to the AHU (blue color image 1.1) and 1 system to release heat to the cooling tower (yellow color image 1.1).

After the hot water changes in temperature, the hot water will be sent by pump to the cooling tower. This process is called a water cooled chiller where the water used will be released heat by the cooling tower by spraying water so that the water is in contact with free air with the help of a blower/fan. This cooling tower is generally placed on top of the building.
The water that has been cooled in the cooling tower will drop its temperature from 35-38 degrees Celsius to 26-28 degrees Celsius. After that the water from the cooling tower will be pumped back to the chiller for the next cooling process, and this process also takes place continuously.

This water cooled chiller system is generally used for buildings with high building types and large capacities such as malls, apartments, hotels, etc.

 

Schematic of Water Cooled Chiller

1.2 Air Cooled Chiller

In contrast to the water colled chiller, this system uses water as a cold conducting medium and air as a heat release medium.
In this system there is no cooling tower as a heat dissipation device, so the chiller will immediately become a cold conductor and heat release device, where the heat to be released will pass through the coil and lattice, this heat release system is almost the same as split AC at home. This type of chiller is usually placed at the top of the building.

Another difference between an air cooled chiller and a water cooled chiller is that the air cooled chiller uses an FCU or fan cooling unit as a means of transferring cold air to the AHU open room.

Almost the same as the AHU, this FCU also uses a coil as a medium for transferring cold temperatures to the air, so you could say this FCU is a mini version of the AHU.


Schematic of Air Cooled Chiller

2. VRF / VRV

VRF is a variable refrigerant flow, while VRV is a variable refrigerant volume, both of which have the same function, only the terms are different.

So in working terms this system has flexibility in regulating the temperature or air conditioning for certain rooms, almost the same as split air conditioners so that the refrigerant can be adjusted in such a way in its application. And compared to other air conditioning systems, this system has a fairly high efficiency in the use of electricity compared to other air conditioning systems because when a certain room is not used, the air conditioner in that room will turn off.

In this VRF system, it does not use water as a medium to conduct cold or heat, but refrigerant as a cold distribution medium which will be distributed through the FCU. So, for this system, it uses the same distribution system as a regular split AC, which uses copper pipes. The pipe from the FCU is connected to the outdoor unit where 1 outdoor unit can handle 1 to 2 FCUs at once depending on the needs and capacity of the room. Meanwhile, the difference between VRF and split AC is the length of the copper pipe, where in VRF the pipe length can reach 150 - 200 meters while split AC can only be up to a maximum of about 15 meters.

Unlike chiller systems that have a central or centralized system, this VRF system seems to stand alone.


VRF / VRV . Schematic

Thus a brief discussion of the air conditioning system for tall buildings. May be useful.

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