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Symbol Standart P&ID

    Symbol Standarisation P&ID For Industri Standard piping and instrument symbols are detailed diagrammatic documentation that provides a set of forms & standards for documenting P&IDs and PFDs, including standard shapes for instruments, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, mixers, crushers, vessels, compressors, filters, motors and other connection forms. Here are some symbols on P&ID : So, those are some of the symbols that we will often see when reading piping & instrument diagrams. May be useful.
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How Turbo Works

Turbo

Before starting to discuss how the turbo works, it's a good idea to first learn how the engine or combustion engine works. I have discussed the discussion about the combustion engine in the previous post, so it's a good idea to learn a little about the combustion engine first. You can see a discussion about the combustion engine at the following link :

https://cadnewbie.blogspot.com/2022/05/konsep-dasar-motor-bakar.html

Motor fuel requires gasoline or fuel, oxygen and also heat or lighters to burn, the more gasoline that is burned, the bigger the explosion that is produced and the greater the energy released. But to burn a lot of gasoline we also need a lot of oxygen, we automatically need a lot of air, otherwise the gasoline that enters the combustion chamber will not burn perfectly. The solution is to increase the size of the engine, so that more air will enter, but the larger the size of the engine, the heavier the engine will be and of course it will take up a lot of space so it will not be efficient.

There is one more way, namely by blowing or exhaling pressurized air into the combustion chamber, the method is to use Turbo. Turbo is a tool that is used to enter or force compressed air into the combustion chamber, so turbo is also often called force induction, because with a turbo we can still use engines with small sizes but can still enter a lot of air, so we can burn. more gasoline too.


Turbo Cycle

So the turbo works more or less like this, the turbo collects exhaust air collected from the exhaust manifold to rotate the turbine. This turbine has 2 parts, the exhaust side or turbine wheel and the suction side or compressor wheel, these 2 sides are interconnected with the shaft, when the exhaust air from the exhaust rotates the turbine wheel, the turbine in the suction or compressor will also rotate. This turbine suction section sucks air from the atmosphere and pushes it forcibly into the engine intake.

When compressed air enters the turbine, the air will become solid, this dense air will increase the temperature of the air because the molecules are compressed and move irregularly, this reduces the density of the air, while the working principle of a turbo is to compress the air. So to solve this problem, an intercooler was made.

Intercooler

The way the intercooler works is almost the same as the radiator, only the difference is that if the radiator works to cool the water, the intercooler functions to cool the air. So the hot air from the turbine was cooled through the grille in the intercooler, the air coming out of the intercooler was cold and solid air to then enter the engine intake.


Intercooler

But after that there is another problem, namely when we release the gas and the throttle body is closed then the compressed air can't get in and if it returns to the turbo it will damage the turbo itself the pressure is very high and opposite to the direction of the turbo rotation, into the turbo it will damage the turbo itself, the pressure is very high and opposite to the direction of the turbo rotation, to overcome this problem there is such a thing as a blow off valve, usually installed in the piping between the intercooler and the throttle body.

Blow Off Valve


Blow Off Valve

Blow off valve it's works to release high pressure air into the atmosphere or outside air, and often produces a hissing sound.

But there is still another problem, when the compressed air entering the engine is too high, the air can damage the engine itself. Then installed a tool called a waste gate.

Waste Gate

This waste gate is usually installed in the turbo itself, this type of waste gate is an internal waste gate. However, there is also a waste gate that is installed outside the turbo, this waste gate is called an external waste gate. This waste gate serves to close the inlet of the exhaust turbine so that the air coming out of the engine exhaust manifold does not enter the turbo and is directly discharged into the down pipe.

In addition, the turbo itself also has an oil flow path in its axis, because the turbo rotates continuously, it is necessary to provide lubricant to maintain the performance of the turbo itself.

So that's my brief discussion about turbo, I hope it's useful.

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