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Symbol Standart P&ID

    Symbol Standarisation P&ID For Industri Standard piping and instrument symbols are detailed diagrammatic documentation that provides a set of forms & standards for documenting P&IDs and PFDs, including standard shapes for instruments, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, mixers, crushers, vessels, compressors, filters, motors and other connection forms. Here are some symbols on P&ID : So, those are some of the symbols that we will often see when reading piping & instrument diagrams. May be useful.
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Metal Material Classification

Metal Classification

Metal is one of the most abundant materials on earth. The need for metal is very high, especially in the industrial sector, especially the automotive industry and of course the construction world. On this occasion I will discuss a little about metals, ranging from classification etc.

Metal

Metals are divided into two main categories, ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.

1. Ferrous metal is a metal containing the element iron (Fe), for example iron and steel.
2. Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron (Fe), for example aluminum, copper, gold, silver, tin, bronze etc.

Between ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals are distinguished by their composition.

For ferrous metals, we usually call them metal, for ferrous metals, namely iron and steel, they are divided into several types, among others.

Iron

Iron or can be called cast iron is divided into several types:

1. Grey iron
2. Malleable iron
3. Ductile iron
5. Compacted graphite iron
6. Austempered ductile iron
7. White iron

Steel

Steel is also subdivided into two major groups, namely:

Plain-Carbon Steel

This type of steel has a carbon element in it, and is divided into three types, namely:

1. High carbon (steel with high carbon content, >0.5% carbon content)
2. Medium carbon (steel with medium carbon content, 0.2% - 0.5% carbon content)
3. Low carbon (steel with low carbon content, < 0.2% carbon content)

An example of the carbon content in low carbon steel is <0.2%, meaning that in every 100% of the volume there is only a maximum of 0.2% carbon and the remaining 98.8% is iron (Fe).

The carbon content in the steel itself has an influence on the hardness and tensile strength of the steel itself, but on the other hand makes the steel brittle and reduces its strength. For example, the more carbon content in a steel, the harder the steel, but makes it more brittle and less flexible.

This carbon steel only has the main elements, namely iron (Fe) and carbon (C) and their binding elements.

Alloy Steel

Alloy steel is a type of alloy steel in which there are other elements besides iron and carbon, the purpose is to increase the character of the steel itself, including strength, ductility, rust resistance, etc. Alloy steel is divided into several types, including:

1. Low alloy steel
2. HSLA steel
3. Microalloyed steel
4. Advenced high strenght steel
5. Maraging steel
6. Stainless steel
7. Tool steel

Metal Naming

Understanding a metal must start from the basics, the kingdom is called material, while the family is metal or metal.

Example for ferrous metal:
His family is metal or metal. The type of steel is ferrous
Subclass : 10
Members: 1015
Naming standard: AISI
Attribute: AISI 1015

So when we mention AISI 1010 we can explain that it is a low carbon steel because the first 10 is a carbon steel code, 15 is % carbon = 0.15% carbon where the maximum BKR is <2% carbon.

Thus my brief discussion of the types of metals according to their classification, for a discussion of the characteristics of the material we will discuss in the next post. May be useful.
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