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Symbol Standart P&ID

    Symbol Standarisation P&ID For Industri Standard piping and instrument symbols are detailed diagrammatic documentation that provides a set of forms & standards for documenting P&IDs and PFDs, including standard shapes for instruments, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, mixers, crushers, vessels, compressors, filters, motors and other connection forms. Here are some symbols on P&ID : So, those are some of the symbols that we will often see when reading piping & instrument diagrams. May be useful.
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Grounding System

Grounding

Have we known what a grounding or grounding system is?

Grounding or grounding system is a safety system in the electricity distribution network to eliminate potential differences by draining the residual current from leakage voltage or excess current to earth. If this grounding system does not exist in an electrical network, it will pose a hazard to the safety of humans and equipment and the electrical service system itself.


This grounding system connects electrical equipment and objects that have the potential to conduct electricity with the earth. This grounding system is an essential system of an electrical network system itself because with this grounding system, electricity can be distributed properly.

Grounding System Purpose

This grounding system has the following objectives:

- Connect device with earth
- Conveys lightning or other electrical charges to the earth
- Prevent potential differences from occurring safely
- Distributes fault current to ground
- Prevents the occurrence of danger when in contact with the human body

The maximum resistance of this grounding system when measured is a maximum of 5 ohms, the smaller the resistance the better. This resistance is influenced by the type of soil itself, including water content, minerals/salt, acidity and soil texture.

In the wiring diagram of this grounding system it is symbolized as follows,


Because this grounding system will be connected to the ground, then this grounding system requires electrodes that are installed or usually plugged into the ground. The length of these electrodes varies between 2.5 mtr - 10 mtr or more if the target resistance value has not been reached. This electrode will be connected with a cable or copper plate to the grounding of the building or the lightning protection system. These electrodes are usually in the form of sticks or rods with a circular cross-section.

There are several ways to connect the electrodes to the cable or the grounding plate of the building, including the cadwell and clamp methods.


The Cadwell method is often used because the resulting connection is stronger and more resistant to corrosion or rust, although it costs more and is more difficult to install. The way this method works in general is to melt or melt the electrodes together with the grounding wire from the building and then harden together, this method requires powdered powder to carry out the molding process.

As for the connection using clamps, it is easier to install and cheaper, but this method is more prone to corrosion or rust and the connection is easy to loose.
How to find out the resistance value for this grounding system by measuring it using a ground tester. The method is as follows,


Thus a brief discussion of the grounding system or grounding, may be useful.
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